(Fuvest-95) In December 1895 the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen demonstrated the first X-ray pictures, among them that of the left hand of Mrs. Röngten. Within a few weeks the news of the discovery spread throughout the world, and the penetrating properties of the rays were soon exploited for medical diagnosis without immediate realization of possible deleterious effects. The first reports of X-ray injury to various human tissues and to vision came in 1896. In that same year Elihu Thomson, the physicist, deliberately exposed one of his fingers to X-rays and provided accurate scientific observations on the development of roentgen-ray burns.
(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Segundo o texto acima:

foi comprovada cientificamente a eficácia dos raios X.

foi desenvolvida uma técnica para evitar que os raios X provocassem queimaduras.

observações científicas comprovaram que apenas a visão poderia ser afetada pelos raios X.

um físico sofreu queimaduras ao se submeter a exames médicos com raios X.

surgiram os primeiros relatos sobre danos causados pelos raios X.

(Fuvest-95) Women in ancient Pompeii were not all like the classical beauties depicted on the city's famous frescoes(*). A substantial minority of those who died when Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD 79 were obese, a bit on the hairy side and would have suffered from headaches and a form of diabetes, according to Estelle Lazer, an archaeologist and physical anthropologist at the University of Sidney. She says about 10 per cent of the city's women would have suffered from these systems because they had a minor hormonal disorder called hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI)
New Scientist, September 24, 1994)
(*)frescoes - afrescos (modalidade de pintura mural)
According to the text,

when Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD 79 it caused headaches, diabetes and hormonal disorders among the women of Pompeii.

Estelle Lazer is an archaeologist who is studying the classical beauties depicted on the famous frescoes of Pompeii.

as stated by Estelle Lazer, a substantial minority of women in ancient Pompeii were obese, somewhat hairy and not very healthy.

Estelle Lazer says about 10% of the women of Pompeii suffered from a minor hormonal disorder due to the eruptions of Mount Vesuvius.

only 10% of the women of ancient Pompeii were like the classical beauties depicted on the city's famous frescoes.

(Fuvest-95) Avoid looking like an American when in another country, say Roger Axtell and John Healy in their "Do's and Taboos of Preparing for Your Trip Abroad". This is a difficult piece of advice to follow. Mr A and Mr H offer what they consider helpful tips: don't wear baseball caps or sweatshirts with campus badges, be polite and avoid loud conversations in public. The trouble is, foreigners mostly tend to look like foreigners. There is something about them. The more you try to blend in with the country the odder you look. Lots of eccentric English have tried this game without sucess. Lawrence of Arabia liked to dress up as a sheikh and Lord Byron as a Greek, and were seemingly impervious to the sniggers(*) they aroused among the locals.
(The Economist, June 4, 1994)
(*) snigger - riso contido
According to the text,
The book "Do's and Taboos of Preparing for Your Trip Abroad" adv ises people going abroad to

keep away from people of other nationalities.

speak in a low voice in public.

dress as the locals do.

keep out of trouble.

try to blend in only with foreigners.

(Fuvest-96) Spiders on marijuana are so laid back, they weave just so much of their webs and then... Well, it just doesn't seem to matter any more. On the soporific drug chloral hydrate, they drop off before they even get started.
A spider's skill at spinning its web is so obviously affected by the ups and downs of different drugs that scientists at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama think spiders could replace other animals in testing the toxicity of chemicals. (New Scientist, April 29, 1995)
According to the text, spiders

are unable to weave when on chloral hydrate.

weave more webs when on marijuana.

spin their webs more enthusiastically when on drugs.

on chloral hydrate drop off soon after they start weaving.

on soporifics are so laid back that they experience more ups and downs.

(Fuvest-96) Spiders on marijuana are so laid back, they weave just so much of their webs and then... Well, it just doesn't seem to matter any more. On the soporific drug chloral hydrate, they drop off before they even get started.
A spider's skill at spinning its web is so obviously affected by the ups and downs of different drugs that scientists at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama think spiders could replace other animals in testing the toxicity of chemicals. (New Scientist, April 29, 1995)
Segundo o texto, para os cientistas da NASA no Alabama, as aranhas

poderiam ser substituídas por outros animais para testar a toxicidade de substâncias químicas.

têm seu comportamento mais afetado pela maconha do que pelo hidrato de cloral.

não são facilmente intoxicadas pelas drogas utilizadas em testes quanto qualquer outro animal.

poderiam substituir outros animais para reduzir a intoxicação dos químicos durante os testes.

poderiam ser utilizadas em testes para detectar a toxicidade de produtos químicos, substituindo outros animais.

(Fuvest-95) A priest known by his Resistance code name Abbé Pierre awakened the conscience of France in 1954 when he seized the microphone of Radio Luxembourg and told of a woman who had frozen to death in a Paris street clutching a notice of eviction(*). His appeal for help - for blankets, stoves, tents - altered French thinking about the homeless. Through continued outspokenness and charitable work he influenced subsequent public policy, and today polls show Abbé Pierre, founder of the international charity Companions of Emmaus, to be the nation's most admired person.
(Time, May 9, 1994)
(*) eviction - despejo
Segundo o texto acima:
O padre conhecido como Abade Pierre

é admirado por seus atos de caridade durante a Resistência.

trabalha na Rádio Luxemburgo desde 1954.

vem exercendo grande influência sobre a polícia francesa.

é, segundo as pesquisas, a figura mais admirada hoje, na França.

fundou, em 1954, a organização internacional de caridade "Companions of Emmaus".

(Fuvest-95) A priest known by his Resistance code name Abbé Pierre awakened the conscience of France in 1954 when he seized the microphone of Radio Luxembourg and told of a woman who had frozen to death in a Paris street clutching a notice of eviction(*). His appeal for help - for blankets, stoves, tents - altered French thinking about the homeless. Through continued outspokenness and charitable work he influenced subsequent public policy, and today polls show Abbé Pierre, founder of the international charity Companions of Emmaus, to be the nation's most admired person.
(Time, May 9, 1994)
(*) eviction - despejo
Segundo o texto acima:
O Abade Pierre conseguiu

sensibilizar todos os políticos franceses para o problema dos sem-teto.

evitar que uma mulher, que recebera uma ordem de despejo, morresse gelada na rua.

mudar a maneira de pensar dos franceses em relação aos sem-teto.

mobilizar instituições de caridade internacionais para a coleta de cobertores, fogões e barracas para os sem-teto.

motivar a criação de várias organizações internacionais de ajuda aos sem-teto.

(Fuvest-96) Across the developing world, images of wild-eyed children and haggard teenagers firing assault rifles or shouldering grenade lauchers have become as commonplace as the smell of cordite. Look closely at the ethnic armies of Central Asia, examine the rebel militias in the African bush, and you'll find children. You'll find them in the ranks, on the barricades and, with heart-rending frequency, in hospital beds and in hastily dug battefield graves. International conventions are supposed to bar anyone under the age of 15 from serving in combat. But that hasn't stopped either governments or rebels in Africa, Asia and Latin America from routinely rounding up children for military duty...
Call them what you will. Boy soldiers, child warriors, kid militiamen.
(Newsweek, August 7, 1995)
wild-eyed = appearing or being furious, radical, visionary
haggard = intractable, violent, suffering, anxious
cordite = a kind of explosive
heart-rending = heart-breaking
According to the text, boy soldiers are

children and teenagers engaged as volunteers in all ethnic armies around the world.

a sad, common reality in the wars of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

kid militiamen who carry rifles and grenades, and smell of cordite.

a commonplace sight in every war all over the world.

child warriors who have fought in the war, but have not stopped governments or rebels across the developing world.

(Fuvest-96) Across the developing world, images of wild-eyed children and haggard teenagers firing assault rifles or shouldering grenade lauchers have become as commonplace as the smell of cordite. Look closely at the ethnic armies of Central Asia, examine the rebel militias in the African bush, and you'll find children. You'll find them in the ranks, on the barricades and, with heart-rending frequency, in hospital beds and in hastily dug battefield graves. International conventions are supposed to bar anyone under the age of 15 from serving in combat. But that hasn't stopped either governments or rebels in Africa, Asia and Latin America from routinely rounding up children for military duty...
Call them what you will. Boy soldiers, child warriors, kid militiamen.
(Newsweek, August 7, 1995)
wild-eyed = appearing or being furious, radical, visionary
haggard = intractable, violent, suffering, anxious
cordite = a kind of explosive
heart-rending = heart-breaking
The text states that

children can be found in the ranks, on the barricades, yet seldom in hospital beds and battlefield graves.

children are rounded up by governments and rebels to become fighters, which violates international conventions.

children under the age of 15 who go to war are often barred from serving in combat.

hardly anybody forces children to bear arms, since this would be a violation of international conventions.

international conventions bar anyone under 15 from serving in combat, but some countries are not supposed to obey them.

(Fuvest-95) O texto abaixo refere-se às questões de nºs 1 a 3. Em cada espaço em branco é indicado o número da questão a que ele corresponde. Para responder às questões, escolha a alternativa que preenche corretamente o espaço onde está o seu respectivo número.
We live in a highly technological society. It ... (1) for mankind some of the most intricate and beautifully discriminating machines ever seen as well as some of the most powerful. What modern medicine has been able ... (2) to cope with certain diseases ... (3) to earlier generations truly miraculous.
(Dialogue 2, 1992)

had devised

will have devised

has been divised

has devised

was devising